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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>Managing packages</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="aptitude.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="aptitude user's manual"><link rel="up" href="ch01s01.html" title="Using aptitude"><link rel="prev" href="ch01s01s03.html" title="Finding packages by name"><link rel="next" href="ch01s01s05.html" title="Updating the package list and installing packages"><link rel="preface" href="pr01.html" title="Introduction"><link rel="chapter" href="ch01.html" title="Chapter 1. Getting started"><link rel="chapter" href="ch02.html" title="Chapter 2. aptitude reference guide"><link rel="chapter" href="ch03.html" title="Chapter 3. aptitude frequently asked questions"><link rel="chapter" href="ch04.html" title="Chapter 4. Credits"><link rel="reference" href="rn01.html" title="Command-line reference"><link rel="refentry" href="rn01re01.html" title="aptitude"><link rel="refentry" href="rn01re02.html" title="aptitude-create-state-bundle"><link rel="refentry" href="rn01re03.html" title="aptitude-run-state-bundle"><link rel="subsection" href="ch01s01s04.html#tutorialBroken" title="Managing broken packages"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Managing packages</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01s01s03.html"><img src="images/prev.gif" alt="Prev"></a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Using <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span></th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s01s05.html"><img src="images/next.gif" alt="Next"></a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="secManagingPackages"></a>Managing packages</h3></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s01s04.html#tutorialBroken">Managing broken packages</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> Now that you can move about the list of packages, it's time to start using <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> to install and remove packages. In this section you will learn how to flag packages for installation, deletion, and upgrade. </p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Tip"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Tip]" src="images/tip.png"></td><th align="left">Tip</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> You can only change your system's setup as the <code class="systemitem">root</code> user. If you want to experiment with <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span>, you can safely run it as any user other than <code class="systemitem">root</code> without damaging your system in any way. <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> will tell you when you try to do something that only <code class="systemitem">root</code> can do, and if you want to continue, you must type <code class="systemitem">root</code>'s password. </p></td></tr></table></div><p> All changes to a package are performed by first highlighting it in the package list, then pressing a key corresponding to the action which should be performed. The basic action keys <a href="#ftn.idp56524960" class="footnote" name="idp56524960"><sup class="footnote">[2]</sup></a> are <span class="keycap"><strong>+</strong></span> to install or upgrade a package, <span class="keycap"><strong>-</strong></span> to remove a package, and <span class="keycap"><strong>=</strong></span> to prevent a package from being automatically upgraded (this is known as <em class="firstterm">holding</em> the package). These actions are not performed immediately; <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> will simply update the package list to show the change that has been requested. </p><p> For instance, in the screen shot below, the <code class="systemitem">kaffeine-mozilla</code> package was selected and <span class="keycap"><strong>+</strong></span> was pushed. The package is now highlighted in green and the letter <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">i</span>”</span> has appeared to the left of its name, to indicate that it will be installed; in addition, an estimate of the amount of space that the package will use is displayed. </p><div class="screenshot"><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="100%"><tr><td><img src="images/install-snapshot.png" width="100%"></td></tr></table><div class="longdesc-link" align="right"><br clear="all"><span class="longdesc-link">[<a href="ld-idp56532704.html" target="longdesc">D</a>]</span></div></div></div><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Tip"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Tip]" src="images/tip.png"></td><th align="left">Tip</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> At any time, you can use <span class="guimenu">Undo</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Undo</span> (<span class="shortcut"><strong><span class="keycap"><strong>Control</strong></span>+<span class="keycap"><strong>u</strong></span></strong></span>) to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">undo</span>”</span> any change to one or more packages. This is very useful if an action has unforeseen consequences and you want to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">take it back</span>”</span>. </p></td></tr></table></div><p> In addition to actions that affect individual packages, another important action is available: typing <span class="keycap"><strong>U</strong></span> will attempt to upgrade any packages that can be upgraded. You should use this command on a regular basis to keep your system up-to-date. </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="tutorialBroken"></a>Managing broken packages</h4></div></div></div><p> Sometimes, changing a package's state will cause dependency relationships to become unfulfilled; packages with unfulfilled dependencies are said to be <em class="firstterm">broken</em>. <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> will warn you when this happens, and explain why it occured. For instance, here is what happens if I attempt to remove <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code>: </p><div class="screenshot"><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="100%"><tr><td><img src="images/broken-snapshot.png" width="100%"></td></tr></table><div class="longdesc-link" align="right"><br clear="all"><span class="longdesc-link">[<a href="ld-idp56552656.html" target="longdesc">D</a>]</span></div></div></div><p> As you can see, <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> displays three indicators that something has gone wrong: first, the number of broken packages is displayed in the upper blue area; second, the lower half of the display changes to describe broken packages that are related to the currently highlighted package; third, a bar appears at the bottom of the screen with a suggestion on how to solve the problem. To quickly find broken packages in the package list, you can press <span class="keycap"><strong>b</strong></span> or search for <code class="literal"><a class="link" href="ch02s04s05.html#searchBroken">?broken</a></code>. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td><th align="left">Note</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> The text <code class="literal">[1(1)/...]</code> indicates the progress of <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span>'s dependency resolver. The first number is the solution that you have currently selected, and the second one is the number of solutions that <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> has already generated. The presence of the text <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">...</code></span>”</span> indicates that there may be additional solutions beyond the ones generated; if <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> knew for certain that it had generated the only possible solution, this indicator would read <code class="literal">[1/1]</code>. </p></td></tr></table></div><p> To see more information about how <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> thinks you can solve this problem, press <span class="keycap"><strong>e</strong></span>. A screen similar to the following will appear: </p><div class="screenshot"><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="100%"><tr><td><img src="images/solution-screen-snapshot.png" width="100%"></td></tr></table><div class="longdesc-link" align="right"><br clear="all"><span class="longdesc-link">[<a href="ld-idp56570016.html" target="longdesc">D</a>]</span></div></div></div><p> From here, you can see more solutions by pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>.</strong></span> or return to solutions that you previously examined by pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>,</strong></span>. To apply the current solution and return to the package list, press <span class="keycap"><strong>!</strong></span>. For instance, pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>.</strong></span> while the above screen is displayed results in the following solution being presented: </p><div class="informalfigure"><a name="solutionScreenSnapshot2"></a><div class="screenshot"><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="100%"><tr><td><img src="images/solution-screen-snapshot2.png" width="100%"></td></tr></table><div class="longdesc-link" align="right"><br clear="all"><span class="longdesc-link">[<a href="ld-idp56578272.html" target="longdesc">D</a>]</span></div></div></div></div><p> In addition to the basic solution navigation commands, you can press <span class="keycap"><strong>r</strong></span> to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">reject</span>”</span> actions of which you disapprove. For instance, the first solution will cancel the removal of <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code> -- the very action we were trying to perform! By pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>r</strong></span> on the item corresponding to this action, we can tell <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> that it should not cancel the removal of <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code> in this way. </p><div class="screenshot"><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="100%"><tr><td><img src="images/solution-screen-snapshot3.png" width="100%"></td></tr></table><div class="longdesc-link" align="right"><br clear="all"><span class="longdesc-link">[<a href="ld-idp56587024.html" target="longdesc">D</a>]</span></div></div></div><p> As you can see, the list item corresponding to keeping <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code> at its current version has turned red and been marked with an <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">R</span>”</span>, indicating that it has been rejected. Solutions that you generate in the future (that is, any solution that you have not yet viewed) will not include this action, although solutions that were already generated and contain this action will be available. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td><th align="left">Note</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> In the above screen image, a description of <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code> is displayed in the middle of the screen; below it, you can see the dependency that caused <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code> to be kept at its current version, along with all the ways to resolve this dependency that <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> knows about. </p></td></tr></table></div><p> For instance, if this rejection is imposed immediately after attempting to remove <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code>, pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>.</strong></span> retrieves the following solution, skipping the <a class="link" href="ch01s01s04.html#solutionScreenSnapshot2">solution</a> that cancels the installation of <code class="systemitem">sound-juicer</code> and downgrades <code class="systemitem">gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia</code>. </p><div class="screenshot"><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="100%"><tr><td><img src="images/solution-screen-snapshot4.png" width="100%"></td></tr></table><div class="longdesc-link" align="right"><br clear="all"><span class="longdesc-link">[<a href="ld-idp56599936.html" target="longdesc">D</a>]</span></div></div></div><p> Rejections are only applied to newly generated solutions: that is, solutions that are generated when you press <span class="keycap"><strong>.</strong></span> while viewing the last generated solution. Previously generated solutions can still contain rejections. You can cancel a rejection at any time by once again selecting the rejected action and pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>r</strong></span>; this will permit solutions containing the action to be generated again, including any solutions that were previously <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">skipped</span>”</span>. </p><p> The opposite of rejecting an action is approving it. To approve an action, just select it and press <span class="keycap"><strong>a</strong></span>; this forces the problem resolver to choose the action whenever possible<a href="#ftn.idp56607376" class="footnote" name="idp56607376"><sup class="footnote">[3]</sup></a>. Approved actions will turn green and will be marked with <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">A</span>”</span>, as in the following screenshot: </p><div class="screenshot"><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="100%"><tr><td><img src="images/solution-screen-snapshot5.png" width="100%"></td></tr></table><div class="longdesc-link" align="right"><br clear="all"><span class="longdesc-link">[<a href="ld-idp56609408.html" target="longdesc">D</a>]</span></div></div></div><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Important"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Important]" src="images/important.png"></td><th align="left">Important</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> If you do not resolve any broken dependencies, <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> will automatically implement its current suggestion when you commit your selections by pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>g</strong></span>. However, it is hard to automatically solve dependency problems, and you may not be happy with the results, so it is generally better to look at what <span class="command"><strong>aptitude</strong></span> plans to do <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> committing your selections. </p></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0"><div id="ftn.idp56524960" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idp56524960" class="para"><sup class="para">[2] </sup></a> You can also change packages using the <span class="guimenu">Package</span> menu; see <a class="xref" href="ch02s01s02.html#secPackageMenu" title="The Package menu">the section called “The Package menu”</a> for details. </p></div><div id="ftn.idp56607376" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idp56607376" class="para"><sup class="para">[3] </sup></a> Approving an action is slightly different from requiring all solutions to contain the action; what it means is that given a choice between an approved action and a non-approved action, the resolver will always pick the approved action. If there are several possible approved actions, all of them will be candidates to be placed into the solution. </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01s01s03.html"><img src="images/prev.gif" alt="Prev"></a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch01s01.html"><img src="images/up.gif" alt="Up"></a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s01s05.html"><img src="images/next.gif" alt="Next"></a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Finding packages by name </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><img src="images/home.gif" alt="Home"></a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Updating the package list and installing packages</td></tr></table></div></body></html>